Acronyms
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.3 Methodological framework
1.4 Structure of the report
2. Nanomaterials in the Environment
2.1 Potential exposure pathways and environmental concentrations of nanomaterials
2.2 The scale of environmental exposure
2.3 Limitations in the availability of ecotoxicological data for nanomaterials
2.4 The potential role of the Precautionary Principle in regulating nanomaterials
3. Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Exposure pathways for nanomaterials in waste
3.3 General Objectives and Scope
3.4 Definitions
3.5 Categorisation as Hazardous Waste
3.6 Controls on hazardous waste
3.7 The Waste Hierarchy
3.8 Reuse
3.9 Recycling
3.10 Recovery
3.11 Waste Oils
3.12 Permits
3.13 Waste Management Plans
3.14 Penalties and Enforcement
3.15 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Waste Framework Directive
4. Decision 2000/532/EC on the List of Waste
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The coverage of nanomaterials under the List of Waste
5. Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Potential presence of nanomaterials in end-of-life vehicles
5.3 Coverage
5.4 Prevention (Requirements to limit the use of hazardous substances in vehicles)
5.5 Treatment
5.6 Recycling and recovering
5.7 Coding standards/ dismantling information
5.8 Reporting and information
5.9 The coverage of nanomaterials under the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
6. Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanomaterials in landfills
6.3 General objectives and scope
6.4 Definitions
6.5 Classes of landfill and waste accepted
6.6 Waste and treatment not acceptable in landfills
6.7 Permit conditions
6.8 Waste acceptance procedures
6.9 Control and monitoring procedures in the operational phase
6.10 Implementation
6.11 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Landfill Directive
7. WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanomaterials in electrical and electronic equipment
7.3 Recovery target
7.4 Product design
7.5 Recycling treatment
7.6 Information for users
7.7 Information for treatment facilities
7.8 Adaptation to scientific and technical progress
7.9 Amendments of the European Parliament to the WEEE Proposal of the Commission
7.10 The coverage of nanomaterials under the WEEE Directive
8. Directive 2002/95/EC on RoHS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Restricted substances in EEE
8.3 Review and amendment of restricted substances in Annex II
8.4 The coverage of nanomaterials under the RoHS Directive
9. Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 1994/62/EC
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanomaterials in packaging
9.3 Scope
9.4 Reuse systems
9.5 Recovery and recycling
9.6 Identification system
9.7 Minimizing negative impacts on the environment through releases during disposal
9.8 Information systems
9.9 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
10. Directive 86/278/EEC on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when the sewage sludge is used in agriculture (Sewage sludge Directive)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Entry of nanomaterials into sewage sludge and subsequent exposure pathways
10.3 Definition of treated sludge
10.4 Limit values
10.5 Analysis and Sampling (Article 9)
10.6 Article 13 on adaptation to technical and scientific progress (Article 13)
10.7 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Sewage Sludge Directive
11. Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Exposure pathways for nanomaterials entering European waters
11.3 Key objectives of the Water Framework Directive relevant to nanomaterials
11.4 Nanomaterials as priority substances
11.5 Controlling specific pollutants
11.6 Monitoring water status
11.7 Triggers for action to reduce pollution
11.8 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Water Framework Directive
12. Directive 2008/105/EC on EQS in the Field of Water Pollution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Establishing EQS for nanomaterials
12.3 Environmental monitoring of nanomaterials
12.4 The coverage of nanomaterials under the EQS Directive
13. Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Criteria for assessing groundwater chemical status
13.3 Procedure for assessing groundwater chemical status
13.4 Identification of significant and sustained upward trends and the definition of starting points for trend reversals
13.5 Monitoring requirements
13.6 Measures to prevent or limit inputs of pollutants into groundwater
13.7 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Groundwater Directive
14. Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Exposure pathways for nanomaterials into waste water
14.3 Treatment requirement
14.4 Prior regulations and authorisations for the discharge of industrial waste water
14.5 The re-use of sludge
14.6 Monitoring requirements
14.7 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Urban Waste Water Directive
15. Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanomaterials in drinking water
15.3 Quality standards
15.4 Monitoring
15.5 Remedial action and restrictions in use
15.6 The of coverage of nanomaterials under the Drinking Water Directive
16. Directive 96/82/EC on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances (Seveso II Directive)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanomaterials in industrial facilities
16.2 Nanomaterials in industrial facilities
16.2 Nanomaterials in industrial facilities
16.3 Defining dangerous substances
16.4 Volume thresholds
16.5 Article 4: Derogation and safeguard clauses
16.6 The coverage of nanomaterials under SEVESO II
17. Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanomaterials in air
17.3 Limit values and alert thresholds for the protection of human health
17.4 Assessment regime
17.5 Reference measurement methods
17.6 Sampling points
17.7 Contributions from natural sources
17.8 Exceedance attributable to winter-sanding or salting of roads
17.9 Air quality plans
17.10 Short-term action plans
17.11 Transboundary air pollution
17.12 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Air Quality Directive
18. Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 on the EU Ecolabel
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nanomaterials under the EU Ecolabel
18.3 Common approach to addressing nanomaterials under EU Ecolabel criteria
18.4 Substitution of hazardous substances
18.5 Links with the CLP Regulation and REACH
18.6 The coverage of nanomaterials under the EU Ecolabel Regulation
19. Summary of Feedback from Member States on Activities on Nanomaterials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Common project on national nanomaterials databases
19.3 Belgium
19.4 Denmark
19.5 Estonia
19.6 France
19.7 Germany
19.8 Italy
19.9 The Netherlands
19.10 Portugal
19.11 Sweden
20. Conclusions
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.3 Methodological framework
1.4 Structure of the report
2. Nanomaterials in the Environment
2.1 Potential exposure pathways and environmental concentrations of nanomaterials
2.2 The scale of environmental exposure
2.3 Limitations in the availability of ecotoxicological data for nanomaterials
2.4 The potential role of the Precautionary Principle in regulating nanomaterials
3. Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Exposure pathways for nanomaterials in waste
3.3 General Objectives and Scope
3.4 Definitions
3.5 Categorisation as Hazardous Waste
3.6 Controls on hazardous waste
3.7 The Waste Hierarchy
3.8 Reuse
3.9 Recycling
3.10 Recovery
3.11 Waste Oils
3.12 Permits
3.13 Waste Management Plans
3.14 Penalties and Enforcement
3.15 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Waste Framework Directive
4. Decision 2000/532/EC on the List of Waste
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The coverage of nanomaterials under the List of Waste
5. Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Potential presence of nanomaterials in end-of-life vehicles
5.3 Coverage
5.4 Prevention (Requirements to limit the use of hazardous substances in vehicles)
5.5 Treatment
5.6 Recycling and recovering
5.7 Coding standards/ dismantling information
5.8 Reporting and information
5.9 The coverage of nanomaterials under the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
6. Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanomaterials in landfills
6.3 General objectives and scope
6.4 Definitions
6.5 Classes of landfill and waste accepted
6.6 Waste and treatment not acceptable in landfills
6.7 Permit conditions
6.8 Waste acceptance procedures
6.9 Control and monitoring procedures in the operational phase
6.10 Implementation
6.11 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Landfill Directive
7. WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanomaterials in electrical and electronic equipment
7.3 Recovery target
7.4 Product design
7.5 Recycling treatment
7.6 Information for users
7.7 Information for treatment facilities
7.8 Adaptation to scientific and technical progress
7.9 Amendments of the European Parliament to the WEEE Proposal of the Commission
7.10 The coverage of nanomaterials under the WEEE Directive
8. Directive 2002/95/EC on RoHS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Restricted substances in EEE
8.3 Review and amendment of restricted substances in Annex II
8.4 The coverage of nanomaterials under the RoHS Directive
9. Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 1994/62/EC
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanomaterials in packaging
9.3 Scope
9.4 Reuse systems
9.5 Recovery and recycling
9.6 Identification system
9.7 Minimizing negative impacts on the environment through releases during disposal
9.8 Information systems
9.9 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
10. Directive 86/278/EEC on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when the sewage sludge is used in agriculture (Sewage sludge Directive)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Entry of nanomaterials into sewage sludge and subsequent exposure pathways
10.3 Definition of treated sludge
10.4 Limit values
10.5 Analysis and Sampling (Article 9)
10.6 Article 13 on adaptation to technical and scientific progress (Article 13)
10.7 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Sewage Sludge Directive
11. Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Exposure pathways for nanomaterials entering European waters
11.3 Key objectives of the Water Framework Directive relevant to nanomaterials
11.4 Nanomaterials as priority substances
11.5 Controlling specific pollutants
11.6 Monitoring water status
11.7 Triggers for action to reduce pollution
11.8 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Water Framework Directive
12. Directive 2008/105/EC on EQS in the Field of Water Pollution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Establishing EQS for nanomaterials
12.3 Environmental monitoring of nanomaterials
12.4 The coverage of nanomaterials under the EQS Directive
13. Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Criteria for assessing groundwater chemical status
13.3 Procedure for assessing groundwater chemical status
13.4 Identification of significant and sustained upward trends and the definition of starting points for trend reversals
13.5 Monitoring requirements
13.6 Measures to prevent or limit inputs of pollutants into groundwater
13.7 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Groundwater Directive
14. Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Exposure pathways for nanomaterials into waste water
14.3 Treatment requirement
14.4 Prior regulations and authorisations for the discharge of industrial waste water
14.5 The re-use of sludge
14.6 Monitoring requirements
14.7 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Urban Waste Water Directive
15. Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanomaterials in drinking water
15.3 Quality standards
15.4 Monitoring
15.5 Remedial action and restrictions in use
15.6 The of coverage of nanomaterials under the Drinking Water Directive
16. Directive 96/82/EC on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances (Seveso II Directive)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanomaterials in industrial facilities
16.2 Nanomaterials in industrial facilities
16.2 Nanomaterials in industrial facilities
16.3 Defining dangerous substances
16.4 Volume thresholds
16.5 Article 4: Derogation and safeguard clauses
16.6 The coverage of nanomaterials under SEVESO II
17. Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanomaterials in air
17.3 Limit values and alert thresholds for the protection of human health
17.4 Assessment regime
17.5 Reference measurement methods
17.6 Sampling points
17.7 Contributions from natural sources
17.8 Exceedance attributable to winter-sanding or salting of roads
17.9 Air quality plans
17.10 Short-term action plans
17.11 Transboundary air pollution
17.12 The coverage of nanomaterials under the Air Quality Directive
18. Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 on the EU Ecolabel
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nanomaterials under the EU Ecolabel
18.3 Common approach to addressing nanomaterials under EU Ecolabel criteria
18.4 Substitution of hazardous substances
18.5 Links with the CLP Regulation and REACH
18.6 The coverage of nanomaterials under the EU Ecolabel Regulation
19. Summary of Feedback from Member States on Activities on Nanomaterials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Common project on national nanomaterials databases
19.3 Belgium
19.4 Denmark
19.5 Estonia
19.6 France
19.7 Germany
19.8 Italy
19.9 The Netherlands
19.10 Portugal
19.11 Sweden
20. Conclusions