List of Abbreviations
Glossary
1. Executive Summary
Scope and limitations of this study
Summary of main findings
Background and printer contribution to particle concentrations
Exposure characterisation
Mitigation and control
Advice on nanoparticle assessment and control strategies
Option 1 - Nanoparticle exposure control only, no assessment
Option 2 – Nanoparticle exposure assessment followed by control implementation
2. Introduction
3. Overall Aim
4. Objectives
5. Research Methodology
General Information
Instrumentation
Experimental design
Selection of offices and printers
Description of office environment, including ventilation
Data Analysis
6. Results
Time series of particle number concentration in the offices
Contribution of particles from printing activities to the overall office background average particle number concentration
Eight-hour time-weighted average exposure of office workers to particles arising from printing activities
Peak and 30 minute short-term exposure to particles arising from printer activities
Difference in spatial particle exposure at one and two metres from printers
Comparison of submicrometre and supermicrometre sized particles during printing
Influence of local ventilation upon particle number concentration
Effect of type of printing and ventilation upon particle number concentration
Results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling
7. Discussion and Conclusions
Concentrations of printer emitted particles in the environment of operating laser printers
Estimated eight-hour time-weighted printer particle exposure, peak exposure, and 30 minute short-term exposure
Relationship between particle size range and printer operation
Variables influencing printer particle number concentration emission and emission classification
Modelling of air flow and particle distributions indoors
Impact of ventilation and filtration systems on particle spatial and temporal characteristics
8. Human Exposure and Risk
Local background particle exposure as a reference value for printer particle control decision making
Method for measuring particle emissions from laser printers and exposure within office locations
Guidance on minimising exposure to emissions during the use of laser printers
Option 1 - Nanoparticle exposure control only, no assessment
Option 2 – Nanoparticle exposure assessment followed by control implementation
9. References
APPENDIX A – Graphs of time-series plots of nanoparticles and PM2.5 measured at one metre from the printers
APPENDIX B - Graphs of time-series plots of nanoparticles measured simultaneously at one and two metres from the printers
APPENDIX C - Graph of time-series plots of nanoparticles measured simultaneously at 0.1 metre and one metre from printer
APPENDIX D - Graph of time-series plots of submicrometre and supermicrometre particle number count during printing
APPENDIX E – Description of ANCOVA Method and Analysis