List of Abbreviations

Glossary

1. Executive Summary

   Scope and limitations of this study

   Summary of main findings

      Background and printer contribution to particle concentrations

      Exposure characterisation

      Mitigation and control

   Advice on nanoparticle assessment and control strategies

      Option 1 - Nanoparticle exposure control only, no assessment

      Option 2 – Nanoparticle exposure assessment followed by control implementation

2. Introduction

3. Overall Aim

4. Objectives

5. Research Methodology

   General Information

   Instrumentation

   Experimental design

   Selection of offices and printers

   Description of office environment, including ventilation

   Data Analysis

6. Results

   Time series of particle number concentration in the offices

   Contribution of particles from printing activities to the overall office background average particle number concentration

   Eight-hour time-weighted average exposure of office workers to particles arising from printing activities

   Peak and 30 minute short-term exposure to particles arising from printer activities

   Difference in spatial particle exposure at one and two metres from printers

   Comparison of submicrometre and supermicrometre sized particles during printing

   Influence of local ventilation upon particle number concentration

   Effect of type of printing and ventilation upon particle number concentration

   Results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling

7. Discussion and Conclusions

   Concentrations of printer emitted particles in the environment of operating laser printers

      Estimated eight-hour time-weighted printer particle exposure, peak exposure, and 30 minute short-term exposure

      Relationship between particle size range and printer operation

      Variables influencing printer particle number concentration emission and emission classification

   Modelling of air flow and particle distributions indoors

   Impact of ventilation and filtration systems on particle spatial and temporal characteristics

8. Human Exposure and Risk

   Local background particle exposure as a reference value for printer particle control decision making

   Method for measuring particle emissions from laser printers and exposure within office locations

   Guidance on minimising exposure to emissions during the use of laser printers

      Option 1 - Nanoparticle exposure control only, no assessment

      Option 2 – Nanoparticle exposure assessment followed by control implementation

9. References

APPENDIX A – Graphs of time-series plots of nanoparticles and PM2.5 measured at one metre from the printers

APPENDIX B - Graphs of time-series plots of nanoparticles measured simultaneously at one and two metres from the printers

APPENDIX C - Graph of time-series plots of nanoparticles measured simultaneously at 0.1 metre and one metre from printer

APPENDIX D - Graph of time-series plots of submicrometre and supermicrometre particle number count during printing

APPENDIX E – Description of ANCOVA Method and Analysis