Foreword
Executive Summary
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Purpose
3 Scope
4 Descriptions and Definitions
4.1 Nano-objects
4.2 Ultrafine Particles
4.3 Engineered Nanoparticles
4.4 Nanoaerosol
4.5 Agglomerate
4.6 Aggregate
5 Potential Health Concerns
5.1 Exposure Routes
5.2 Effects Seen in Animal Studies
5.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylenefume
5.2.2 Carbon nanotubes
5.3 Observations from Epidemiological Studies Involving Fine and Ultrafine Particles
5.4 Hypotheses from Animal and Epidemiological Studies
6 Potential Safety Hazards
6.1 Fire and Explosion Risk
6.2 Risks of Catalytic Reactions
7 Exposure Assessment and Characterization
7.1 Workplace Exposures
7.1.1 Size-fractionated aerosol sampling
7.1.2 Real-time aerosol sampling
7.1.3 Surface-area measurements
7.1.4 Particle number concentration measurement
7.1.5 Surface-area estimation
7.1.6 Particle number concentration mapping
7.2 Sampling Strategy
8 Guidelines for Working with Engineered Nanomaterials
8.1 Potential for Occupational Exposure
8.2 Factors Affecting Exposure to Nanomaterials
8.3 Elements of a Risk Management Program
8.3.1 Engineering controls
8.3.2 Dust collection efficiency of filters
8.3.3 Work practices
8.3.4 Personal protective clothing
8.3.5 Respirators
8.3.6 Cleanup and disposal of nanomaterials
9 Occupational Health Surveillance
10 Research Needs
References
Sources of Additional Information
Appendix